Filter device

ABSTRACT

A filter includes an end cap having a top surface, and a circumferential collar extending from the top surface, the circumferential collar having a radial surface that engages radially with one or more fingers that extend from an inner surface of a filter housing cover, a filter base, a filter element positioned between the end cap and the filter base, and a pin extending below the filter base.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of and thus claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,701, filed on Jun. 27, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a fuel filter for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle.

BACKGROUND

Fuel filters can be found in any motor vehicle that includes an internal combustion engine, and serve for filtering out different contaminants from the fuel such as water and solid particles, as examples. Contaminants may include water and particulates, as examples.

Particulates, for instance, can be introduced into the fuel stream in a variety of ways, such as dirt or rust while filling the tank, or from the fuel itself if from an unfiltered source. Particulates can be abrasive and can cause rapid wear and failure of engine components, such as the fuel pump and injectors. Filters often therefore typically include a particulate filter element (i.e., paper), which allows passage of the fuel (and any water present), while capturing the particulate matter.

Water in the fuel can result in corrosion or impairment of engine performance. If water gets into a moving part, such as an injector valve, the part can overheat or wear excessively, leading to early life failure of the engine. Or, water can cause rust and corrosion if present in the fuel stream. Particular attention is therefore paid to filtering out water from the fuel to be combusted. Water content is generally present to some extent in all fuels, but can be high in modern biofuels such as, for example, biodiesel, because biofuels can be hygroscopic (i.e., water absorbing). Thus, often fuel particulate filters are combined with water separators to achieve low particulate with minimal water content.

Due to its greater density than fuel, separated water may be collected in suitable water collection chambers of the water separator and may be periodically discharged. Often, because of the density difference between water and fuel, the water separator is located at the base of a filter element, which may thereby include a particulate filter element (i.e., paper) and a water separator. And, although water separated from the fuel may typically be discharged via a valve (either on a regularly scheduled basis, or based on a sensed amount of water), the paper portion of the filter element may become clogged with particulate, which can result in decreased engine performance.

As such, fuel filters are typically changed at regular intervals during the life of the engine as routine maintenance. However, routine changing of filters can inadvertently damage the engine if not installed properly. Some filter designs include insertion devices to aid in the insertion of filters into a housing. For instance, fuel filters may include an axially protruding pin that is used to close a run-off channel. The pin fits snugly within the channel and typically includes an O-ring or other sealing element to prevent drainage during engine use. Fluid access to the channel occurs when the pin is removed from the channel (i.e., by pulling out the filter from its cavity). Thus, installation of such a filter includes proper alignment of the pin with the channel. In some known designs the pin is visually aligned with the channel. However, it may be difficult to see or “feel” such alignment, and if a proper technique is not developed, the pin or filter may be damaged during installation.

One known design for aligning the pin in the channel includes using a spherical ramp that the pin rests against while the filter is rotated. A run-off or receiving channel is positioned at the end of the ramp, such that the pin passes off the ramp and into the channel during manual rotation of the filter. However, although such designs have been effectively used for years, such a design may include imparting excessive rotational torque to the filter during its installation. Friction on the ramp, or simply improperly using the pin-ramp combination, can thereby result in stress being introduced to the pin or other components of the filter during installation.

For instance, careless installation may include pressing down on the filter, which can put pressure on the pin while the pin is slid along the channel. The pin may thereby miss or overshoot the channel, or in some instances the pin can become bound up against the ramp. In an extreme example, it is possible for the pin to snap off, which not only ruins the filter, but may also leave the pin behind within a cavity where the filter is to be installed. Worse yet, if the pin snaps off within the channel, then engine repairs may be necessary to remove the broken pin from the channel.

Filters may be damaged during installation for other reasons, as well. For instance, if components do not properly align in an axial direction, then tolerance stackups may result in improper axial location of components and improper sealing or fitting with other mating components of the housing or cavity in which the filter is placed. Radial play of the filter with respect to its housing can result in axial misalignment of the pin within its channel, or angular misalignment of the filter in the housing. Filters may also be cocked with respect to the housing, as well, which can cause the filter to bind up within the housing and cause damage.

In addition, when installing a filter into the housing, it is important to align the filter within the housing to ensure that components do not bind up and potentially cause damage to the filter or, more importantly, any component within the filter housing. There is generally a clearance between the outer diameter of the filter and the inner diameter of the housing which is provided so that, during operation, oil may pass external to the filter and up the housing inner all, and pass radially into the filter element at the start of the filtration process. The clearance provides an amount of radial play that can cause the pin to miss the ramp or ultimately miss the channel itself, and the filter is generally not constrained within the housing.

Further, when installing filters within a housing, typically air or vapor may be captured within the filter or housing, which can lead to either installation problems or performance problems. Fuel filters for combustion engines are ventilated to prevent air bubbles from forming. Bubbles can lead to cavitation downstream such as in a fuel pump. In addition, during cold starts any air captured in the fuel filter must be compressed before starting, which can lead to longer start times during cold starts.

Thus, a seemingly simple and relatively inexpensive operation of installing a filter can include challenges that can result in costly damages. Because of the generally routine nature of filter installation and even after many such installations, vehicle owners, mechanics or engine repair technicians may thereby install a filter in such a fashion that can include damage not only to the filter, but to the engine as well. In addition, it is important that the amount of air or vapor captured in the housing be kept to a minimum.

As such, there is a need to for an improved design and method of installing a fuel filter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a fuel filter according to the disclosure;

FIG. 2A shows a cross-sectional view of the fuel filter of FIG. 1;

FIG. 2B is a plan view of a sword of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A shows a center stack according to the disclosure.

FIG. 3B shows a back side of a top portion of the center stack of FIG. 3A

FIG. 3C shows a plan or top view of the top portion shown in FIG. 3B;

FIG. 4A represents a first profile that is a circumferential view of the pin;

FIG. 4B represents a second profile that is a radial view of the pin;

FIG. 5 shows an end cap of the fuel filter of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a symbolic representation of a fuel system that includes the fuel filter of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of the fuel filter and having the center stack positioned therein.

FIG. 8 shows the fuel filter in a housing;

FIGS. 9A through 9E show progressive steps of assembly of the center stack of FIG. 3A into the fuel filter of FIG. 1;

FIG. 10A shows a cross-sectional view and dimensional information for aligned filter and center stack;

FIG. 10B is a graphical illustration of the fuel filter misaligned due to tolerance stackup;

FIG. 11A is a side view of the end cap engaged with the top portion of the center stack;

FIG. 11B shows a side view of the fuel filter and showing a relevant axial dimension for assembly;

FIG. 12 is a plan view of the bottom of the fuel filter;

FIG. 13 is a plan view of the bottom of the fuel filter;

FIG. 14 is a symbolic representation of a fuel system a fuel system that includes the fuel filter of FIG. 1;

FIG. 15 shows a cover of a filter housing;

FIG. 16 shows an inner and perspective view of the cover of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 shows a cross-sectional view of the cover and the filter positioned therein;

FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of the end cap according to one example;

FIG. 19 shows a perspective view of the end cap according to another example and with no threads on the collar;

FIG. 20 shows a cross-sectional view of a filter having the end cap of FIG. 19 positioned within a cover;

FIG. 21 shows a cross-sectional view of the filter and cover positioned in a filter housing;

FIG. 22 shows an end cap with no collar;

FIG. 23 shows a cross-sectional view of a filter having the end cap of FIG. 22 positioned within a cover;

FIG. 24 shows an end cap of the filter that includes different and exemplary threads that provide for alternative engagement with the cover;

FIG. 25 shows an end cap of the filter that includes different and exemplary threads that provide for alternative engagement with the cover; and

FIG. 26 shows an end cap of the filter that includes different and exemplary threads that provide for alternative engagement with the cover.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference in the specification to “an exemplary illustration”, an “example” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the exemplary approach is included in at least one illustration. The appearances of the phrase “in an illustration” or similar type language in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same illustration or example.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary fuel filter 100 according to the disclosure, and FIG. 2A shows a cross-sectional view of fuel filter 100. Fuel filter 100 includes an exemplary end cap 102, a filter element 104, a water separator 106, and a pin 108, with a transition piece 110 that extends between filter element 104 and water separator 106 and supports water separator 106. In one example and as will be discussed, water separator 106 may not be present, in which case water separator is a simple cavity, such as in an application when a water separator is not used or present in fuel filter 100. In such an example a space may be provided so that fuel filter 100 thereby occupies the same footprint or profile. Filter element 104 includes a hole or opening 112 at its base, passing through water separator 106 and a filter center support 114. Water separator 106 includes pin 108 for positioning within a channel of a housing, as will be further discussed. A center line 116 defines a central axis of fuel filter 100. Filter center support 114 includes a first portion 118 that includes a first wall 120 that is at a first radial dimension 122, and a second portion 124 that includes a second wall 126 that is at a second radial dimension 128, with second radial dimension 128 less than first radial dimension 122. An annular or conical surface 130 extends between first portion 118 and second portion 124, forming a stepped portion 132 therebetween. A sword 134 is positioned at stepped portion 132 and spans from first wall 120 to second wall 126.

FIG. 2B is a plan view of sword 134. Sword 134 extends along an inner surface 136 of conical surface 130. Sword 134 also extends to either axial side of inner surface 136. Sword 134 is positioned at an angular orientation, as viewed from above or below fuel filter 100, and with respect to pin 108, so that pin 108 (see e.g., FIG. 1) finds its hole in a housing when sword 134 is positioned within a slot, as will be discussed. First portion 118 includes an inner surface 144.

Referring again to FIG. 2A, a filter base 146 includes an inner diameter 148 and a bottom surface 150. Water separator 106 is positioned at the bottom of fuel filter 100 and in one example is attached to transition piece 100. That is, generally, water separator 106 is positioned between bottom surface 150 and filter element 104. Water separator 106 includes an annular, hydrophobic diaphragm 138 arranged in a similar orientation as filter element 104, and which is generally permeable for fuel but is generally impermeable for water. Fuel filter 100 includes an inner seal 140 that includes sealing slots 142.

FIG. 3A shows a center stack 200, according to the disclosure. Center stack 200 is sometimes also referred to as a functional carrier. Center stack 200 includes a radial extension 202 and a top portion 204 above radial extension 202 that is proximate to a fuel access aperture 206. Top portion 204 includes a slot 208 that extends upward from radial extension 202 to an upper end 210 of center stack 200. FIG. 3B shows a back side of top portion 204 of FIG. 3A, so slot 208 is not visible in FIG. 3B. Top portion 204 includes a curved surface 212 that extends about and forms a circumference of upper end 210. Curved surface 212 is curved such that it extends axially upward from slot 208, where it begins at a minimum axial height 214, and as curved surface 212 passes or extends circumferentially and to either side of slot 208, curved surface 212 forms a maximum axial location 216 at a location 180° removed from slot 208, which in turn defines minimum axial height 214. A plan or top view of top portion 204 and curved surface 212 is shown in FIG. 3C, having center stack 200 with slot 208 and maximum axial location 216 opposite slot 208 and about curved surface 212. A flat circumferential surface 218 is inboard of curved surface 212 and an aperture 220 is inboard of flat circumferential surface 218.

Referring again to FIG. 3A, center stack 200 includes an extended portion 222 that extends from radial extension 202 to a center stack base 224, extended portion 222 having an outer surface 226. A base component 228 includes attachment locations 230, illustrated as holes, for attachment of center stack 200 to a structure such as a filter housing. A fuel discharge port 232 is at the base of center stack 200. A center stack center line 234 defines a central axis of center stack 200. Radial extension 202 includes an outer diameter 236 that defines an outer surface 238 of radial extension 202, and defined about center stack center line 234.

Referring to FIG. 2A and FIG. 3A, inner seal 140 of fuel filter 100 is made of a flexible material such as plastic, and inner seal 140 engages with center stack base 224 when fuel filter 100 is installed within a housing. Inner seal 140 includes sealing slots 142 that provide flexibility to inner seal 140 such that a seal is formed that prevents liquid from passing thereby. That is, inner seal 140 includes an inner diameter such that a minor interference is formed between inner seal 140 and center stack base 224.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show orthogonal views of pin 108 attached to water separator 106 and having a point 400. FIG. 4A represents a first profile that is a circumferential view of pin 108, and FIG. 4B represents a second profile that is a radial view of pin 108.

Pin 108 includes a groove 402 for an O-ring, a shaft 404, a first lip 406, and a second lip 408. Groove 402 is formed between first lip 406 and second lip 408, and an O-ring 410 may be positioned therebetween and in groove 402. As illustrated, pin 108 includes two sets of fins that extend from second lip 408 to point 400. First fins 412 are visible in profile in FIG. 4A, and second fins 414 are visible in profile in FIG. 4B. First fins 412 extend along a single flat 416, whereas second fins 414 include axial portions 418 and angled flats 420. Thus, FIG. 4A represents a first profile 422 that is a circumferential view of pin 108, and FIG. 4B represents a second profile 424 that is a radial view of pin 108. Further, although point 400 is referred to as a point, it is contemplated that point 400, according to one aspect, includes a generally flat surface that is formed at the confluence of first fins 412 and second fins 414.

FIG. 5 shows end cap 102. End cap 102 includes, in the illustrated example, three prongs 500 that extend both axially and radially. It is contemplated, however, that more or less than three prongs may be used, and that only one may be used to sufficiently axially locate end cap 102. Prongs 500 each include respective circumferential surfaces 502 that, in one example, are flat. End cap 102 includes an endcap undersurface 504. A top surface 506 includes engagement features 508 for engagement of a cover (not shown) with fuel filter 100. Engagement features 508 engage with features on an underside of the cover and capture fuel filter 100 during installation into a housing. An axial extension 510 extends from an underside 512 of end cap 102. Axial extension 510 includes a seal, such as a groove 514 for an O-ring, and the axial extension is positioned within a hole or aperture 240 as seen in FIG. 3C.

FIG. 6 is a symbolic representation of a fuel system that includes a fuel filter, such as fuel filter 100, and its components positioned therein. FIG. 7 correspondingly shows a cross-sectional view of fuel filter 100 and having center stack 200 positioned therein for discussion purposes.

A fuel supply system 600 for an internal combustion engine 602 includes fuel filter 100 for removing contaminants that may include solid particles and water. The solid particles, or sediment, and the water are separated from a fuel to be supplied to internal combustion engine 602 for combustion. Flow direction of fuel in fuel supply system 600 is illustrated by corresponding arrows in the various flow lines. Fuel filter 100 includes filter element 104 for particulate filtration when arranged in a filter outer housing, not shown, which is penetrated by a flow in a radial direction 604 from a raw end 606 to a particle-free end 608. Fuel filter 100 includes water separator 106 which is arranged, in one example, gravitationally below filter element 104, and which is formed as the illustrated annular filter.

Water separator 106 includes annular, hydrophobic diaphragm 138 which is arranged in a similar orientation as filter element 104, and which is generally permeable for fuel but is generally impermeable for water. Thus, water present in the fuel is coalesced or collected at hydrophobic diaphragm 138 and upon reaching a certain drop size is discharged as principally discharged water 610, but may include some fuel, downward and to a second water separator 612. Water-free and sediment-free fuel 614 (pure fuel) thereby passes via a fuel line 616 to internal combustion engine 602.

Discharged water 610, including some fuel, passes to second water separator 612, which is connected in series to water separator 106 and is formed in a smooth-flow manner and arranged below first water separator 106. Second water separator 612 is illustrated in fuel supply system 600 and separate from fuel filter 100. Smooth-flow means in this case that discharged water 610 flowing through second water separator 612 flows laminarly, that is, without turbulence and thus allows separation of the water from any fuel passing therethrough. Water separated in second water separator 612 is collected in a water collection chamber 618 and is drained as needed.

Discharging fuel from second water separator 612 takes place by means of a pressure differential present or generated in fuel supply system 600. For example, fuel in fuel supply system 600, which in this example is pressurized, can be discharged via a throttle device 620 into a low pressure or pressure-less return line 622 passing to a fuel tank 624. Additionally or alternatively to this, discharging fuel from second water separator 612 can take place via a venturi nozzle ejector pump (not illustrated) arranged in an inlet line, such as return line 622, of fuel filter 100. It is contemplated that flow in second water separator 612 remains laminar, which is the case if an amount of discharged fuel from second water separator 612 is much smaller than flow through fuel filter 100 and water separator 106.

Depending on the size and flow through fuel filter 100, a flow through second water separator 612 which is lower by a factor of approximately 1/20 to 1/200, in one example, provides good conditions for a laminar flow and depending on the flow passageway dimensions, etc. . . . . It is contemplated, however, that the desired flow characteristics may be present in different flow arrangements and that laminar flow may be achieved with other designs and conditions of operation. Water discharged through water collection chamber 618 may be controlled via one, or more than one (such as for redundancy), valves.

Thus, in operation, raw fuel (which may contain water and/or sediment) passes from fuel tank 624 and to raw end 606. The raw fuel passes radially 604 and inwardly through filter element 104, wherein sediment or particulate is removed via filter element 104. At this stage in the flow, water present generally passes through filter element 104 to particle-free end 608, and thus a particle-free fuel-water mixture thereby flows from particle-free end 608 downward to water separator 106. The fuel-water mixture encounters hydrophobic diaphragm 138, and pressure in the particle-free fuel-water mixture thereby causes fuel to pass through hydrophobic diaphragm 138, but the hydrophobic nature of hydrophobic diaphragm 138 prevents water from passing through. As such, water-free and sediment-free fuel, or pure fuel 626, passes through hydrophobic diaphragm 138, while generally water passes as discharge 610 into a discharge aperture 628. Discharge 610 includes fluid that encountered and did not pass through hydrophobic diaphragm 138, which is generally water, but a substantial fraction of fuel may also be present.

Water-free and sediment-free fuel 626 passes radially inward and after having passed through hydrophobic diaphragm 138. Water-free and sediment-free fuel 626 thereby encounters inner seal 140 which is compressed against center stack base 224 and due to the minor interference therewith. Because of the sealing effect, little if any water-free and sediment-free fuel 626 passes through the seal formed. However, should any water-free and sediment-free fuel 626 pass thereby, it will join with discharged water 610 and ultimately pass back to fuel tank 624, where it will pass again to fuel filter 100. Thus, any inadvertent leakage of water-free and sediment-free fuel through inner seal 140 will not result in lost fuel.

Discharge 610 thereby passes to second water separator 612 where further separation of fuel and water occurs. Primarily water is discharged at water collection chamber 618, and any remainder (having some fuel) passes via throttle device 620 to fuel tank 624, whereby it again passes through filter supply system 600.

Referring back to FIGS. 2A and 3A, within fuel filter 100 and particularly center stack 200, pure fuel 626 passes toward outer surface 226 of center stack 200 and along inner surface 144 of filter center support 114, is directed upward, toward, and then into fuel access aperture 206, thereby passing into a hollow center of extended portion 222, and passing to fuel discharge port 232 and then to internal combustion engine 602 via fuel line 616.

Center stack 200 and fuel filter 100 include assembly features described herein. As seen in FIG. 3A, center stack 200 includes extended portion 222 and fuel access aperture 206. Extended portion 222 includes a hollow center (not visible) that passes from fuel access aperture 222, through the hollow center, and to an exit or fuel discharge port 232.

FIG. 8 shows fuel filter 100 within a housing 800. Housing 800 includes a housing base 802 having walls that define a cavity, and a cover 804. Cover 804 includes threads 806, and housing base 802 includes threads 808. When fuel filter 100 is installed into housing 800, cover 804 provides a sealing effect, and center stack 200 is positioned therein. Housing 800 includes a channel 810, into which pin 108 fits when filter 100 is properly aligned with housing 800, providing a sealing effect.

FIGS. 9A through 9E show progressive steps of an illustrative assembly of the fuel filter into its housing. Such assembly includes positioning fuel filter 100 into housing 800, but the housing is not shown in FIGS. 9A-9E solely for illustration purposes. When fuel filter 100 is installed within its housing, an important feature is that the two items (i.e., fuel filter 100 and housing 800) be rotationally oriented with respect to each other so that pin 108 is positioned within its corresponding hole (not shown) within housing 800. To do so, a unique set of features is provided, according to the disclosure, which ensures proper orientation of the filter to properly align pin 108 with its hole and to avoid damage to any of the components. Assembly of fuel filter 100 onto center stack 200 proceeds as follows.

During assembly, center stack 200 is positioned within a cavity of a housing element and may be part of the housing, but as indicated above the housing is not shown for illustration purposes. Referring to FIG. 9A, at its base and in water separator 106, pin 108 extends downward from fuel filter 100 and is attached to water separator 106. Top portion 204 of center stack 200 extends upward and toward opening 112 of fuel filter 100. Curved surface 212 having maximum axial location 216 is thereby positioned to enter opening 112 when fuel filter 100 is installed within housing 800. FIG. 9B illustrates fuel filter 100 as it passes onto and over center stack 200, and as top portion 204 of center stack 200 extends into and along inner surface 144 of center support 114. Radial extension 202 includes outer diameter 236 that approximately matches with inner surface 144 of filter center support 114.

Curved surface 212 is positioned to engage against sword 134 as fuel filter 100 passes onto and over center support 114. However, because installation is performed without the installer (i.e., a person holding fuel filter 100 and passing it onto center stack 200) having line-of-site or being able to see the respective orientations, curved surface 212 engages with sword 134 so that fuel filter 100 is ultimately properly installed regardless of its initial angular orientation based on the continued following steps.

As seen in FIG. 9C, fuel filter 100 is installed to the point where curved surface 212 engages against sword 134. As can be seen, however, because of interference between curved surface 212 and sword 134, further insertion of fuel filter 100 is stopped. However, also because curved surface 212 is curved, fuel filter 100 is thereby caused to rotate 900. That is, as filter 100 continues on its axial path, once sword 134 engages against curved surface 212, a rotational moment is imparted upon fuel filter 100, and fuel filter 100 begins to rotate 900, as shown in FIG. 9D and at a subsequent further rotation seen in FIG. 9E.

FIG. 9E shows fuel filter 100 at an angular orientation in which sword 134 of fuel filter 100 is aligned with slot 208 of center stack 200. Having slot 208 aligned with sword 134 thereby, by default, aligns pin 108 with its channel 810 in housing 800 so that pin 108 can thereby be pressed into channel 810, completing the installation of fuel filter 100 in housing 800.

Thus, in overall summary of installation and with respect to FIGS. 9A-9E, fuel filter 100 may be installed in its housing in such a fashion that, regardless of its beginning or initial angular orientation, curved surface 212 of center stack 200 will engage axially with sword 134 if the two are not yet, by happenstance, already aligned. That is, in most assembly procedures pin 108 will not be aligned with its channel 810 in housing 800, and engagement of curved surface 212 with sword 134 will thereby occur. Once sword 134 and curved surface 212 engage, the motion of such engagement against the angled or curved surface thereby causes rotation 900 to occur, until sword 134 is aligned with slot 208.

Further, because of the position of maximum axial location 216, it is contemplated that rotation 900 may be in the angular direction as illustrated, or it may be in the opposite angular direction depending on which side of maximum axial location 216 that curved surface 212 engages with sword 134. Curved surface 212 extends downwardly to either side of maximum axial location 216. Thus, if sword 134 engages curved surface 212 on one side of maximum axial location 216, then rotation 900 will be in one direction, and if sword 134 engages curved surface 212 on the other side of maximum axial location 216, then rotation will be in the opposite direction.

During assembly of fuel filter 100 onto center stack 200, damage can occur to the fuel filter or housing if components do fit properly or if interference fits occur, and which is avoided according to the disclosure. For instance, as discussed, when sword 134 engages with slot 208 of center stack 200, pin 108 is thereby pressed into its passageway or channel 810 in housing 800. Thus, if pin 108 is not properly aligned with channel 810, an interference can occur which can lead to damage of components if filter 100 is then forced into its location.

Also, during assembly, components are axially aligned so that components of the filter assembly fit into the housing, but without unintentionally engaging with the housing—which can also lead to damage. Likewise, if components do not fit radially with one another, damage can occur to components if, again, the filter is forced into its location against an interference.

In addition, fuel filter 100 includes features that prevent inadvertent cocking within the housing, to avoid binding of fuel filter 100 during installation. Accordingly, as seen in FIG. 2A, filter base 146 includes inner diameter 148 that is selected in conjunction with outer diameter 236 of radial extension 202 so that radial extension 202 can pass through inner diameter 148 during installation. Fuel filter 100 includes fuel filter center line 116 and center stack 200 includes center stack center line 234, as will be discussed.

As such, according to the disclosure and as shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, radial extension 202 is positioned within inner surface 144 of center stack 200 and having a clearance therebetween that is nominally selected to minimize any radial clearance and also minimize the propensity for the fuel filter to cock or fall off kilter when in its housing. FIG. 10A shows related dimensional information for fuel filter 100 positioned nominally over center stack 200 (and with center lines 116, 234 aligned). FIG. 10B is a graphical illustration of fuel filter 100 positioned over center stack 200, but with center lines 116, 234 offset and angled from one another and based on a ‘worst case’ cocking of components due to misalignment as well as tolerance stack up, but that do not result in damage to any of the component parts according to the disclosure.

Inner surface 144 is at a bore or inner diameter 1000, thereby including a radial clearance 1002 that is a gap between outer diameter 236 of radial extension 202 and bore diameter 1000 when center lines 116, 234 are aligned. Filter base 146 of fuel filter 100 having inner diameter 148 fits over center stack base 224 having a base outer diameter 1004. Accordingly, a radial base gap 1006 is between inner diameter 148 and base outer diameter 1004. In other words, outer diameter 236 of radial extension 202 is nominally undersized from bore diameter 1000, resulting in radial clearance 1002 for components, even when center lines 116 and 234 are aligned. Base component 228 includes a groove 1018 for filter base 146.

Tolerances for component fabrication may be selected based on known tolerancing techniques such as geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT), root sum square (RSS) analysis, or based on six sigma tolerancing, as examples. As such, according to the disclosure, tolerance fits at a first axial location 1008 between inner surface 144 and bore diameter 1000 are selected to meet appropriate manufacturing requirements, such as to meet 3 sigma, 4 sigma, or greater fits to ensure that radial clearance 1002 remains positive under most statistical conditions when many thousands of component parts are fabricated and fit together. Likewise, inner diameter 148 and base outer diameter 1004 at a second axial location 1010 are also selected to meet statistical requirements so that radial base gap 1006 remains positive, as well.

During assembly, and as discussed, pin 108 is rotationally aligned with respect to housing 800 due to engagement of sword 134 with slot 208. Accordingly, pin 108 according to the disclosure includes point 400 that ensures pin 108 will enter its channel 810 within housing 800. Pin 108 is positioned or positionable within channel 810 and according to the disclosure pin 108 aligns with channel 810 under any worst-case scenario of statistical extremes that are achieved based on manufacturing tolerances of all relevant component parts. Thus, as seen in FIG. 10A and having component parts aligned on their respective centers, pin 108 having a center line 1012 aligned with channel 810 having a center line 1014.

Referring to FIG. 10B, center lines 116, 234 may be canted or off-alignment with one another due to each being on extremes of their tolerance ranges and during installation. That is, before axial extension 510 is positioned within hole 240 of center stack 200. For instance, outer diameter 236 of radial extension 202 may be on a low end of its tolerance band, and bore diameter 1000 may be at an upper end of its tolerance band, which may result in a maximum gap 1016 being formed when radial extension 202 is pressed to one extreme against inner surface 144 of center stack 200. Likewise, and again at an extreme, base outer diameter 1004 may be at a low end of its tolerance band while inner diameter 148 of fuel filter 100 may be at its maximum tolerance, which may result in a maximum gap 1016 being formed when filter base 146 is pressed against center stack base 224.

As such, when fuel filter 100 is positioned within filter housing 800, fuel filter 100 contacts center stack 200 at first axial location 1008, and fuel filter 100 contacts center stack base 224 of center stack 200 at second axial location 1010.

And, when filter base 146 is pressed or tilted against center stack base 224 at second axial location 1010 and in a direction that is 180° off from that at first axial location 1008, then under this condition tolerance stackup may result in a worst case tilt of fuel filter 100 with respect to center stack 200 during assembly, with maximum gap 1016 formed at one circumferential location 1008 and maximum gap 1016 formed at a different circumferential location 1010 that is 180° offset therefrom. As such, and according to the disclosure, point 400 of pin 108 is properly dimensioned to ensure that under even the worst case of tolerance stack up and misalignment of components, pin 108 will find channel 810 during assembly, such as when pin center line 1014 does not align perfectly with channel center line 1012.

Center line 116 illustrates a center of fuel filter 100, and center line 234 illustrates a center line of center stack 102, and the extremes of misalignment of both center lines 116, 234 are shown in FIG. 10B. And, because of the flexible nature of inner seal 140 and its minor interference with center stack base 224, any misalignment of fuel filter 100 and center stack 200 may thereby be tolerated and inner seal 140 will seal with center stack base 224 regardless of any misalignment due to radial tolerance stackups and misalignments of components.

Thus, with point 400 of pin 108 properly dimensioned, and taking into account the extremes of tolerances within the relevant components, point 400 under all circumstances will align with and enter channel 810 during assembly, while sealing of components is ensured.

As seen between the FIGS. 4A and 4B, the illustrated profiles are different from one another and according to the disclosure. That is, because of the radial alignment/tolerance aspects of fuel filter 100 and as described with respect to FIGS. 10A and 10B, the corresponding profile of pin 108 as seen in FIG. 4A is long and narrow. In contrast, because of the rotational installation of fuel filter 100 within housing 800, as fuel filter 100 rotates about, and with the engagement of sword 134 with curved surface 212, as described, rotation occurs until sword 134 engages with slot 208, and until pin 108 engages with channel 810. Accordingly, the corresponding profile of pin 108 in FIG. 4B is shorter and more blunt.

As illustrated, fuel filter 100 includes end cap 102, shown also in FIGS. 5, 11A, and 11B. End cap 102 includes features that axially locate fuel filter 100 with respect to housing 800, which includes axially locating filter base 146 with respect to a base component 228 of center stack 200. As can be seen in the figures, such as FIG. 10A, base component 228 includes a circumferential clearance region or groove 1018 that is proximate and radially external to center stack base 224 and into which filter base 146 is positioned.

As discussed, base outer diameter 1004 fits within filter base 146, and as illustrated in FIG. 10B, misalignment of components may result in maximum gap 1016. As such, groove 1018 is likewise sized or toleranced such that sufficient radial space is present within groove 1018 to accommodate all such axial movement and misalignment of filter base 146 with respect to center stack base 224.

FIG. 5 is a cutaway of end cap 102, with engagement of prongs 500 with a surface of center stack 200 shown in view FIG. 11A. FIG. 11B shows a side view of fuel filter 100 and showing a relevant axial dimension for assembly. Each prong 500 includes a respective axial surface 502. Correspondingly, as seen in FIG. 3C, top portion 204 includes flat circumferential surface 218 that is inside of top portion 204. As such, during assembly of fuel filter 100 onto center stack 200, fuel filter 100 is pressed into position or otherwise installed to the point that axial surface 502 of each of prongs 500 engages against flat circumferential surface 218.

In addition, however, component parts are designed having proper stack up of dimensional tolerances to ensure that filter base 146 does not extend axially and to the point, when assembled, that there is axial interference between bottom surface 150 and groove 1018. Thus, according to the disclosure, component parts include sufficient tolerance to ensure that a gap 1020 is formed between parts.

Thus, referring back to FIG. 9E, component parts have not yet engaged axially and prongs 500 are not situated inside of top portion 204. As such, although not shown in FIGS. 9A-9E, it is understood that axial extension 510 is pressed into hole or aperture 240 within top portion 204 that is visible in FIG. 3C, axial extension 510 having an O-ring that engages with hole or aperture 240 and seals to prevent gas or other leakage from passing thereby. Thus, a final installation step is completed, in which axial extension 510 and the O-ring are positioned within hole or aperture 240 and during such installation, because pin 108 is aligned with its channel 810 via the engagement of sword 134 with slot 208. Because axial surfaces 502 of prongs 500 engage with flat circumferential surface 218, fuel filter 100 is thereby axially positioned with axial surfaces 502 providing a reference point from which axial tolerances of fuel filter 100 are established, according to the disclosure. A space or clearance 1100 above flat circumferential surface 218 provides sufficient axial and radial clearance such that curved surface 212 of upper end 210 of center stack 200 may be positioned therein and without interference.

Axial surfaces 502 of end cap 102 thereby provide a base reference frame from which axial tolerances are established so that under all conditions of manufacturing tolerances that may be experienced during fabrication of all relevant components, no axial interference will occur between bottom surface 150 of filter base 146. That is, having axial surfaces 502 form a base or reference frame, end cap undersurface 504 is thereby tolerance-controlled from axial surfaces 502. A dimension within fuel filter 100 is thus determined based on a dimensional distance from axial surfaces 502 to end cap underside 512, and from there to bottom surface 150 (FIG. 11B). Dimensional distance 1102 thereby extends from axial surfaces 502 to bottom surface 150. Correspondingly, and referring to FIG. 10A, because flat circumferential surface 218 supports axial surfaces 502, and because filter base 146 fits into groove 1018 but such that bottom surface 150 does not contact groove 1018, gap 1020 is ensured, while taking into account all tolerance stackups between components during manufacturing and assembly of all components.

In such fashion, each profile 422, 424 of pin 108 includes surfaces as shown that correspond favourably with installation and tolerance stackups that may occur in fuel filter 100 and center stack 200. For instance, as fuel filter 100 is rotated about curved surface 212, as pin 108 engages with channel 810 it is profile 424 that is relevant, in that point 400 finds channel 810 readily and as sword 134 engages with slot 208. Accordingly, a more blunt profile as seen in profile 424 favourably combines with the fit of sword 134 with slot 208 to ensure that both sets of features engage at the same time. On the other hand, profile 422 is more relevant to any radial mis-alignment of components that may occur, and as described with respect to FIGS. 10A and 10B. As such, a longer and flat, single flat 416, thereby accommodates more favourably any misalignment of components. As such, and according to the disclosure, pin 108 includes two profiles, where profile 422 includes single flats 416, and profile 424 includes both axial portions 418 and angled flats 420.

FIG. 12 is a plan view of the bottom of fuel filter 100 and showing bottom surface 150. As seen therein, pin 108 includes first ribs or fins 412 that extend radially, and second ribs or fins 414 that extend circumferentially. Prongs 500 are visible, as well as sword 134. As seen therein and according to the disclosure, fuel filter center line 116 extends through the center of fuel filter 100, and pin 108 includes point 400 that extends along a radial line 1200 from point 400 to fuel filter center line 116. Sword 134 also extends in a radial direction and along a sword radial line 1202. Sword 134 is thereby offset an angle 1204 that, in one example, is approximately 15° from radial line 1202. However, angle 1204 may be any angle, such as 0°, 30°, 90°, or 110°, as examples.

The angular relationship between sword 134 and pin 108 thereby defines a corresponding angular orientation between channel 810 and slot 208 of center stack 200. In such fashion, it is contemplated that different designs of a fuel filter, for different applications, may therefore be designed having a different angular orientation of components, which may be known as a “poka-yoke” to ensure that the wrong component is not installed into a housing. For instance, one fuel filter may be designed for a particular housing and with a particular angular orientation of components as illustrated in FIG. 12. However, another fuel filter for an entirely different vehicle may likewise be designed with the same housing. For this second or alternate design, although the fuel filter may physically fit within the housing, such filter may not function properly in a different engine. Or, having the wrong filter may alternatively cause damage to the engine. Thus, a housing may be designed having a particular center stack, such as center stack 200, and with an appropriate set of mating features for locating the fuel filter according to the disclosure. But, if the wrong filter is installed, then a sword-slot alignment with respect to a given channel-pin may result in avoiding the wrong filter from being installed. For instance, referring to FIG. 13, a plan view of the bottom of fuel filter 100 includes a radial line 1300 extends through a centre of pin 1302 and through a centerline 1304. A sword 1306 is positioned, in one example, 77.5° offset 1308 from radial line 1300, or complementarily 102.5° offset 1310 therefrom. In the illustrated example, offset 1310 is 102.5° as shown, and in one example it is contemplated that sword 1306 is offset within +/−2.5° of the illustrated angle 102.5°.

FIG. 14 is a symbolic representation of a fuel system 1400 that includes a fuel filter, such as fuel filter 100, and its components positioned therein. Fuel system 1400 operates in a fashion as described above and with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7. However, Fuel system 1400 further includes a venting system 1402 for venting a top of fuel filter 100 during installation and use. Referring first to FIG. 7, fuel filter 100 includes a vent hole 630 in the top of end cap 102. Fuel system 1400 includes a vent line 1404 that passes to low pressure or pressure-less return line 622 that passes to fuel tank 624. In this fashion fuel filter 100 enables venting of the filter spaces for fuel that passes radially 604 from raw end 606 to particle-free end 608.

Thus, air or vapor forming within filter 100 and under end cap 102 forms a volume or cushion. When starting the engine, or switching on the ending, this volume or cushion is compressed and thereby passes through vent hole 630, into vent line 1404, and ultimately to fuel tank 624. Vent hole 630 is appropriately sized so that the air or vapor may exit via vent line 1404 while ensuring that little or no liquid passes therethrough. Vent hole 630 may range in diameter between 0.3 mm and 1.2 mm, and in one example is 0.4 mm diameter. In such fashion, air trapped within filter 100 during assembly of filter 100 within housing 800 is also allowed to vent, as well. In some instances, it may be beneficial to size the vent hole 630 to allow some small or little fuel to overflow into the vent hole 630 to ensure the removal of the air between the filter 100 and the housing 800. The vent hole 630 may be designed to optimize the engine start performance, venting timing and speed to pressurize the housing.

According to the disclosure and as shown in the previous figures, end cap 102 may include threads 152 (shown in FIGS. 2A, 5, 7, 8, 9A-9E and 11A-11B) that engage with “fingers” that extend from an inner/upper surface of a cover, such as 804 shown in FIG. 8, and mounted onto a collar 154.

Referring to FIG. 15, cover 804 is shown having fingers 1500 extend from an inner/upper surface 1502, and fingers 1500 each include a lip 1504 that engages with threads 152 of end cap 102. FIG. 16 shows an inner and perspective view of cover 804, having fingers 1500 visible and extending from inner surface 1502, and lip 1504 corresponding with each finger 1500.

In such fashion, and referring to FIG. 17, lips 1504 of fingers 1500, being flexibly attached to inner surface 1502, provide for engagement with threads 152 on collar 154 of end cap 102. End cap 102, being structurally attached to and forming an upper portion of filter 100, may thereby be pressed onto and over threads 152 of such that filter 100 may be held by cover 804, during tightening and removal of the filter. Seal 1700 is positioned within groove 514 as shown, for instance, in FIG. 5 and in other Figures. Center stack 200 from the previous figures is also illustrated, to include inner radial surface 1702, which engages with seal 1700, illustrated in this example as an O-ring. In such fashion a seal is formed between the upper portion of filter 100, to the center stack 200. The seal 1700 thus prevents the filtered fuel from entering into a venting chamber 1706 within center stack 200 below, thus allowing venting through vent hole 630 as discussed and to a volume 1704 of vapor or air that may be trapped within cover 804 due to installation of the filter or due to various vapor conditions within the fuel delivery system to the engine. Thus, end cap 102 includes axial extension 510 having a seal 1700 that seals against the surface 1702 of center stack 200 to isolate, and a vent hole 630 in an upper surface thereof, such that an air gap 1708 is formed above end cap 102 and such that air gap 1708 is in fluid connection to chamber 1706 within center stack 200. Chamber 1706 is fluidly connected with vent line 1404, and returns the vapor and at times the over flowing fuel that passes through vent hole 630 back to the fuel tank 624.

The seal 1700 on the axial extension 510 is illustrated as an O-ring installed within a groove 514. It is clearly understood that other sealing arrangements may be utilized within the scope of this invention. The seal 1700 provides a fluid connection between the filter 100, and end cap 102 to the center stack 200 to fluidly connect the venting hole 630 of the end cap 102 with the venting chamber 1706 within the center stack 200. One such alternative may allow for a seal on the axial extension 510, that seals against a portion or edge of the inner radial surface 1702 of the center stack 200. In another variation, the seal 1700 may be formed on the axial extension 510 with a sealing material radially surrounding the opening of the axial extension 510. The sealing material engages and creates a seal against the flat circumferential surface 218 of the center stack 200 around the entrance of the venting chamber 1706. Thus, when a user is preparing to replace a used filter 100 that is positioned within a housing, cover 804 may be unscrewed from its housing as shown in FIG. 8 where threads 806 of cover 804 engage axially with threads 808 of housing 800. Referring still to FIG. 17, when threads 806 are disengaged, then removal of the cover also includes removal of filter 100 due to lips 1504 and their engagement with threads 152. That is, when cover 804 is rotated to disengage threads 806 from threads 808, cover 804 rotates with respect to filter 100 and lips 1504 rotate relative to threads 152. When threads 806 and threads 808 are fully disengaged, cover 804 is lifted away from housing 800, pulling filter 100 with it via lips 1504 engagement with threads 152.

Also, and as described above with respect to various figures and particularly with respect to FIG. 5, the prongs each include a respective axial surface 502. And, as seen in FIG. 3C, top portion 204 includes flat circumferential surface 218 that is inside of top portion 204. As such, during assembly of fuel filter 100 onto center stack 200, fuel filter 100 is pressed into position or otherwise installed to the point that axial surface 502 of each of the prongs engages against flat circumferential surface 218.

As seen in FIG. 18, a perspective view of end cap 102 is shown according to one example. End cap 102 includes collar 154 and threads 152 thereon, and on a radially outer surface thereof. As seen, threads 152 are at a slight angle with respect to a planar surface of end cap 102. End cap includes gaps or spaced regions 1800 that include an optional extension 1802 therein. Spaced regions 1800 include a circumferential width that corresponds approximately with a circumferential width of each of fingers 1500 as seen in FIG. 16. As also seen in FIG. 16, in the illustrated example there are three sets of three fingers 1500.

Thus, inserting and removing cover 804 to and from end cap 102 includes aligning one of fingers 1500 with one of spaced regions 1800, and due to the three-way symmetry about the circumference, lips 1504 may thereby be positioned down below a leading edge 1806 of thread 152. Rotation of cover 804 relative to threads 152 thereby engages the first lip 1504 beneath threads 152, and continued rotation causes each of lips 1504 to screw against threads 152, causing end cap 102 to screw onto cover 804. When fully threaded, filter 100 may thereby be turn-able or rotationally turned within cover, while lips 1504 engage with threads 152 such that filter 100 may be held loosely by cover 804.

In such fashion cover 804 may be held by a user while inserting filter 100 into its housing, and filter 100 may be rotated while pin 108 rotates against the ramp in housing 800, until pin 108 finds channel 810. Pin 108 is then pressed into channel 810 and because cover 804 is rotatable with respect to filter 100, cover 804 can be screwed into housing 800 via engagement of threads 806 with threads 808. Once fully engaged, housing 800 forms a hermetic seal and filter 100 may be operated as described above.

Likewise, when filter 100 is to be removed from housing 800, the reverse steps are followed and threads 806 are disengaged from threads 808. An operator may then pull out a used filter 100 via removal of cover 804, pulling filter 100 via lips 1504 and their engagement with threads 152. Once removed, filter 100 may be removed from cover 804 by rotating the two relative to one another, until lips 1504 then are caused to turn against threads 152 and disengage the two.

Further, although lips 1504 engage with threads 152 in order to remove filter 100 from housing 800, it is contemplated in one example that fingers 1500 may be elastically distorted to the point that, if necessary, cover 804 can be pulled from filter 100 while lips 1504 are engaged with threads 152. Thus, in this example, rather than rotationally aligning components with one another to rotationally disengage from one another, the parts may simply be pulled apart from one another. This action may elastically and non-destructively flex fingers 1500 so that lips 1504 pass by threads 152, which may be more expedient than having to rotationally align the components to disengage them from one another.

It is contemplated that in one example the end cap does not include threads to engage with the fingers of the cover. For instance, referring to FIG. 19, an end cap 1900 (similar to end cap 102 and its position and function within filter 100), includes a vent hole 1902 within an upper extension 1904, and a collar 1906 positioned on a circular and planar surface 1908, and a dome 1910 as is also shown in other illustrations of end cap 102. In this example, however, no threads are included as was shown in, for instance, FIG. 18. Installation and removal of filter 100 are performed in the same fashion as described above, except that removal of cover 804 does not pull along filter 100 when cover 804 is removed. That is, lips 1504 of fingers 1500 radially contain collar 1906 and provide a centering capability during installation of filter 100 within housing 800, however, because in this example end cap 1900 does not include any threads, such as threads 152 above, cover 804 does not engage with filter 100, and filter 100 is separately pulled out from the housing after the cover is removed.

Referring to FIG. 20, assembly 2000 shows cover 804 and filter 100, but as can be seen, with no threads 152 (as in other examples of the end cap), cover 804 is axially independent from filter 100, and lips 1504 do not engage against or axially lock against collar 1906. Likewise, FIG. 21 shows the same assembly as that of FIG. 20, but also with respect to housing 802. Thus, referring to both FIGS. 20 and 21, when cover 804 is unscrewed (threads 806 and 808), cover 804 is removed and filter 100 is left within housing 802 to be removed separately.

In yet another example, FIG. 22 shows an end cap 2200 but having no collar at all. That is, end cap 2200 includes a planar and circular surface 2202, dome 2204, upper extension 2206 having vent hold 2208, and as can be seen, with no collar (as in other examples of the end cap), cover 804 is axially independent from filter 100, and lips 1504 do not engage against with end cap 2200. FIG. 23 shows the same assembly as that of FIG. 22, but also with respect to housing 802. Installation and removal of filter 100 are performed in the same fashion as described above, except that removal of cover 804 does not pull along filter 100 when cover 804 is removed. That is, lips 1504 of fingers 1500 radially contain collar 1906 and provide a centering capability during installation of filter 100 within housing 800, however, because in this example end cap 1900 does not include any threads, such as threads 152 above, cover 804 does not engage with filter 100, and filter 100 is separately pulled out from the housing after the cover is removed. In this example includes circular surface 2202 and upper extension 2206 with vent hole 2208 in an upper surface thereof.

Referring now to FIGS. 24-26, the end cap of filter 100 includes different and exemplary threads that provide for alternative engagement with cover 804, and particularly lips 1504 thereof.

For instance, referring to FIG. 24, end cap 2400 includes (similar to end cap 102 and its position and function within filter 100), includes a vent hole 2402 within an upper extension 2404, and a collar 2406 positioned on a circular and planar surface 2408, and a dome 2410 as is also shown in other illustrations of end cap 102. In this example non-angled threads 2412 are included as was shown in, for instance, previous figures having threads 152. Installation and removal of filter 100 are performed in the same fashion as described above, except that removal of cover 804 includes lips 1504 of fingers 1500 radially containing collar 2406 while providing a centering capability during installation of filter 100 within housing 800. Instead of rotational engagement between lips 1504 and threads 2412, cover 804 is removed by simply pulling the parts apart from one another while fingers 1500 flexibly and non-destructively disengage from one another.

As another example, referring to FIG. 25, end cap 2500 includes (similar to end cap 102 and its position and function within filter 100), includes a vent hole 2502 within an upper extension 2504, and a collar 2506 positioned on a circular and planar surface 2508, and a dome 2510 as is also shown in other illustrations of end cap 102. In this example non-angled threads 2512 are included as was shown in, for instance, previous figures having threads 152. Installation and removal of filter 100 are performed in the same fashion as described above, except that removal of cover 804 includes lips 1504 of fingers 1500 radially containing collar 2506 while providing a centering capability during installation of filter 100 within housing 800. Instead of rotational engagement between lips 1504 and threads 2512, cover 804 is removed by simply pulling the parts apart from one another while fingers 1500 flexibly and non-destructively disengage from one another.

As still another example, referring to FIG. 26, end cap 2600 includes (similar to end cap 102 and its position and function within filter 100), includes a vent hole 2602 within an upper extension 2604, and a collar 2606 positioned on a circular and planar surface 2608, and a dome 2610 as is also shown in other illustrations of end cap 102. In this example non-angled thread 2612 is included as was shown in, for instance, previous figures having threads 152. Installation and removal of filter 100 are performed in the same fashion as described above, except that removal of cover 804 includes lips 1504 of fingers 1500 radially containing collar 2606 while providing a centering capability during installation of filter 100 within housing 800. Instead of rotational engagement between lips 1504 and threads 2612, cover 804 is removed by simply pulling the parts apart from one another while fingers 1500 flexibly and non-destructively disengage from one another.

With regard to the processes, systems, methods, heuristics, etc. described herein, it should be understood that, although the steps of such processes, etc. have been described as occurring according to a certain ordered sequence, such processes could be practiced with the described steps performed in an order other than the order described herein. It further should be understood that certain steps could be performed simultaneously, that other steps could be added, or that certain steps described herein could be omitted. In other words, the descriptions of processes herein are provided for the purpose of illustrating certain arrangements, and should in no way be construed so as to limit the claimed invention.

Accordingly, it is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many applications other than the examples provided would be upon reading the above description. It is anticipated and intended that future developments will occur in the arts discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will be incorporated into such future arrangements. In sum, it should be understood that the invention is capable of modification and variation.

All terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadest reasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood by those skilled in the art unless an explicit indication to the contrary in made herein. In particular, use of the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recites an explicit limitation to the contrary. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A filter, comprising: an end cap having a top surface, and a circumferential collar extending from the top surface, the circumferential collar having a radial surface that engages radially with one or more fingers that extend from an inner surface of a filter housing cover; a filter base; a filter element positioned between the end cap and the filter base; and a pin extending below the filter base.
 2. The filter of claim 2, further comprising a radial thread extending from the radial surface of the circumferential collar, the radial thread configured to rotationally engage with the one or more fingers of the filter housing cover.
 3. The filter of claim 1, further comprising a circumferential dome extending from the top surface of the end cap.
 4. The filter of claim 3, wherein the circumferential dome is positioned radially inward from the circumferential collar.
 5. The filter of claim 3, wherein the circumferential dome includes an outer diameter that is smaller than an outer of the circumferential collar.
 6. The filter of claim 3, further comprising an upper extension extending from the circumferential dome and having a vent hole therein.
 7. The filter of claim 1, wherein the filter base includes a cavity having a water separator positioned therein.
 8. The filter of claim 7, wherein the water separator includes a hydrophobic diaphragm positioned therein.
 9. The filter of claim 7, the end cap having an axial extension having a seal that seals against a surface of a center stack, and a vent hole in an upper surface of the axial extension, such that an air gap formed above the end cap when the filter is positioned within a filter housing and such that the air gap is in fluid connection to a chamber within the center stack.
 10. The filter of claim 1, wherein the filter is a fuel filter.
 11. A method of fabricating a filter, comprising: providing an end cap having a top surface, and a circumferential collar extending from the top surface, the circumferential collar having a radial surface that engages radially with one or more fingers that extend from an inner surface of a filter housing cover; providing a filter base; positioning a filter element between the end cap and the filter base; and attaching a pin to the filter that extends below the filter base.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising providing a radial thread that extends from the radial surface of the circumferential collar, the radial thread configured to rotationally engage with the one or more fingers of the filter housing cover.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising providing the end cap to include a circumferential dome extending from the top surface of the end cap.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising positioning the circumferential dome is radially inward from the circumferential collar.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising providing the end cap to include an upper extension from the circumferential dome and having a vent hole therein.
 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising attaching a cavity to the filter base and positioning a water separator in the cavity.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein positioning the water separator further comprises positioning a hydrophobic diaphragm in the cavity.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the filter is a fuel filter.
 19. A filter assembly, comprising: a filter housing having an outer wall defining a cavity; a center stack having a base component and a top portion, wherein the center stack is positioned within the cavity of the filter housing and attached to the housing, the center stack having an axial aperture in the top portion, the axial aperture having a circumferential surface; a filter housing cover; and a filter that includes: an end cap having a top surface, and a circumferential collar extending from the top surface, the circumferential collar having a radial surface that engages radially with one or more fingers that extend from an inner surface of the filter housing cover; a filter base; a filter element positioned between the end cap and the filter base, and a pin extending below the filter base.
 20. The filter assembly of claim 19, the base component of the center stack having a top surface and the filter base including a bottom surface, an axial gap being formed between the top surface of the base component of the center stack and the bottom surface of the filter base.
 21. The filter assembly of claim 19, wherein the pin includes a first set of fins and a second set of fins that are orthogonal to the first set of fins, wherein a profile of each of first set of fins is different from a profile of each of the second set of fins.
 22. The filter assembly of claim 19, further comprising: wherein the filter if a fuel filter and further includes the filter element having a raw end and a particle free end for fuel flow, and a hydrophobic diaphragm; and wherein the center stack has a fuel access aperture and a fuel discharge port.
 23. The filter assembly of claim 19, further comprising a radial thread extending from the radial surface of the circumferential collar, the radial thread configured to rotationally engage with the one or more fingers of the filter housing cover.
 24. The filter assembly of claim 19, further comprising a circumferential dome extending from the top surface of the end cap.
 25. The filter assembly of claim 24, wherein the circumferential dome is positioned radially inward from the circumferential collar.
 26. The filter assembly of claim 24, wherein the circumferential dome includes an outer diameter that is smaller than an outer of the circumferential collar.
 27. The filter assembly of claim 24, further comprising an upper extension extending from the circumferential dome and having a vent hole therein.
 28. The filter assembly of claim 19, the end cap having an axial extension having a seal that seals against a surface of the center stack, and a vent hole in an upper surface of the axial extension, such that an air gap formed above the end cap when the filter is positioned within the filter housing and such that the air gap is in fluid connection to a chamber within the center stack.
 29. A method of assembling a filter assembly, comprising: providing a filter housing cover having one or more fingers that extend from an inner surface of the filter housing cover; inserting a filter into the filter housing cover, the filter having an end cap with a top surface, and a circumferential collar extending from the top surface, the circumferential collar having a radial surface that engages radially with the one or more fingers that extend from the inner surface of the filter housing cover; inserting the filter into a filter housing such that a pin at a bottom of the filter extends into a channel of the filter housing.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein a radial thread extends from the radial surface of the circumferential collar, the method further comprising rotationally engaging the radial thread with the one or more fingers of the filter housing cover.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein end cap includes a circumferential dome extending from the top surface of the end cap.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the filter is a fuel filter. 